INTERACTION OF PHYTOPHTHORA SOJAE EFFECTOR AVR1B WITH E3 UBIQUITIN LIGASE GMPUB1 IS REQUIRED FOR RECOGNITION BY SOYBEANS CARRYING PHYTOPHTHORA RESISTANCE RPS1-B AND RPS1-K GENES

Phytophthora sojae is an oomycete that causes stem and root rot disease in soybean.P.sojae delivers many RxLR effector proteins, including Avr1b, into host cells to promote infection.We show here that Avr1b interacts with the soybean U-box protein, GmPUB1-1, in yeast two-hybrid, pull down, and Decor bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BIFC) a

Valsa canker caused by Valsa pyri is one of the most destructive diseases of commercial pear.For the present analysis, 29 different endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the branches of a healthy pear tree.In dual culture assays, strain ZZ1 exhibited robust antifungal activity against all tested pathogens including Valsa pyri.Microscopic ana

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including antibodies against programmed death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), are being used with increasing frequency for the treatment of cancer.Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) including colitis, dermatitis, and pneumonitis are well described, but less frequent events are now

In the Ecuadorian province of Azuay, agro-ecology seems to signal towards the rebirth of family agriculture in a context of regional migration.Given changes in land usage and the improvement of Nail Care peasant economies, we envisage a profound mutation in the rural landscape of Azuay.Notwithstanding, in lieu of a true model of territorial rural d

ABSTRACT Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs).UPEC bind Web Incense the bladder using type 1 pili, encoded by the fim operon in nearly all E.coli.Assembled type 1 pili terminate in the FimH adhesin, which specifically binds to mannosylated glycoproteins on the bladder epith